Say it out loud. Then compare.
Examiner questions with model answers written to be spoken — thirty to sixty seconds, structured, sources named — and the follow-up chain a real examiner runs when your first answer lands. Reading them is revision. Answering aloud first is preparation.
When would you call the master?
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May you ever be the sole look-out on your watch?
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Talk me through how you'd plan a passage from Palma to Antibes.
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You're power-driven, coastal passage at night. Fine on your port bow you see masthead lights, a green sidelight, and three all-round red lights in a vertical line. Take me through it.
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Dense fog. Radar contact four miles on the starboard bow, constant bearing, closing. What are you doing?
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You're stand-on in a crossing situation and the give-way vessel isn't giving way. Walk me through Rule 17 as a timeline.
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Night. Green all-round over white all-round, a masthead light abaft and higher, sidelights and a sternlight visible as she crosses. Full assessment.
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You're coming up on another vessel at night, converging slowly. You can't decide whether you're overtaking her or crossing. What do the rules say?
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You join a yacht drawing 2.9 metres. Set up the ECDIS for a coastal passage.
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Man overboard, starboard side, seen falling by the deckhand. You have the watch. Go.
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You feel her touch and stop — you're aground on a falling tide. First ten minutes.
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Fire alarm, engine room, smoke from the vents. The space is unmanned. Take me through to the CO2 decision.
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What does the ISM Code actually mean to you, standing a watch tonight?
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The port raises security to Level 2. What changes at your gangway?
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The engineer wants to pump bilges on passage between Palma and Barcelona. What do you tell him?
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Give me the Annex V garbage rules as they apply to your vessel in the Med.
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How is abandon ship actually ordered, and what happens at the liferaft?
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A crewman goes into 12-degree water without a suit. What does the clock look like?
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You've just made a 40-degree alteration. The ARPA now shows alarming CPAs on three targets. React.
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AIS says the target's course is 090 at 12 knots; your ARPA says 100 at 10. Which do you believe, and may you anti-collide on AIS?
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GPS reads to a boat-length. Convince me you still need anything else.
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Night passage, and a white light ahead flashes in groups of nine every fifteen seconds. Decision, and how do you check your compass while you're at it?
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Single right-handed screw, no thruster, channel one and a half lengths wide. Turn her around.
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Anchor watch, 0230, wind's built to force 8. How do you know you're dragging, and then what?
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Flooding is beating the pumps, 30 miles offshore. Send the distress — exactly.
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A pilot has the conn and sets up to pass the wrong side of a channel buoy. What do you do — give me the words.
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Explain free surface effect to me as if I'm deciding whether to press up the tanks tonight.
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Force 9 forecast for tonight, you're on passage. Prepare the vessel — everything.
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A crewman is slumped at the bottom of the chain locker and another is halfway down the ladder to him. Command it.
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Caribbean, September. Long southeast swell arriving, glass 4 hPa below the seasonal norm and falling, wind building and veering. Assess and act.
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The barograph has fallen 6 hPa in three hours, cirrus is thickening into a halo, wind's backed southerly. Tell me the next 24 hours.
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You're first on scene at a sinking yacht's position — debris, no people visible, two other vessels twenty minutes out. The MRCC is overloaded. Your role?
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A disabled 20-metre fishing vessel needs a tow until the lifeboat arrives. What decides whether your tow succeeds?
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You've had a collision — both vessels stable, nobody hurt. The immediate seamanship is done. What are your obligations over the next 24 hours?
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You're approaching a VTS area. What do you owe them, and what do they never take from you?
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Night, open water. Right ahead you see two masthead lights nearly in line and both sidelights. Talk me through it, including what you do if you're not sure.
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You're transiting a narrow channel. Give me your obligations — and then a faster vessel astern wants to overtake you.
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You have to cross a traffic separation scheme. Take me through it — and then a lane vessel converges on you with risk of collision.
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You're in fog. What are YOU sounding — and then decode what you hear: two prolonged; one prolonged and two short; rapid bell forward and gong aft.
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Two sailing vessels approaching with risk of collision — give me Rule 12 completely, then tell me when it stops applying.
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By day, what does your vessel show at anchor and aground — and what would I see on a 30-metre yacht that's forgotten?
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Making 14 knots in traffic and the helm stops answering. Command the bridge.
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Bilge alarm, lazarette, water over the sole plates and rising. Run it.
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Two fires, one watch: the deep-fat fryer flashes over at 1900, and at 2300 an e-foil battery starts hissing and swelling in the toy store. Different answers — give me both.
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You need the height of tide at a secondary port at 1530 local. Talk me through how you'd actually get it.
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You deliver a yacht from Palma to Fort Lauderdale. What changes about the buoys when you arrive — precisely — and what stays the same?
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Stern-to berthing, crosswind, crowded quay in Ibiza. Talk me through your plan and the two failures you're designing against.
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Your plan crosses a bar with a charted depth of 3.5 metres, draught 2.9. Build the under-keel clearance case for me.
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Your plan is approved and you're on the coastal leg at night. How exactly are you monitoring the vessel against it?
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Mid-passage your primary ECDIS fails. What happens next — and what should already be true for that moment?
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Fog bank in ten minutes. Set your radars up for it — the actual knobology and discipline.
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Berth her twice for me: 20 knots onshore, then 20 knots offshore. Same quay.
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Explain squat like you're defending the speed limit in your own passage plan.
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Your yacht is certificated GMDSS A1+A2 and the owner wants to cross the Atlantic in May. What's the conversation?
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Sketch me a GZ curve in words — and then tell me what heavy deck cargo does to it.
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Give me the rest hour rules — and then be honest about a charter season.
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The examiner points at your chart table: which publications are you actually using on a passage, and for what?
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Radiation fog and advection fog — the difference, and why one of them wrecks your schedule while the other barely delays breakfast.
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A rescue helicopter is fifteen minutes out for your casualty. Prepare the vessel — everything, in order.
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What goes in the Official Log Book as opposed to the deck log — and who signs it?
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Steel, aluminium, composite — what is your vessel built of, and what does the answer change about how you run her?
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It's 0350 and you've arrived to take over the watch. Take me through the handover — and when you would refuse it.
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Total blackout at night, mid-TSS. First sixty seconds.
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Port State Control boards in Palma tomorrow morning. As OOW, what will they ask YOU — and how do you not be the deficiency?
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The black water tank is at 90% and you're at anchor in a Balearic cala with guests aboard for two more days. Options?
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What changed about the fuel you bunker in the Mediterranean, and when?
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You're controlling a BA entry into a smoke-filled accommodation space. What is the control system, and what stops the entry?
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Two pillar buoys a mile apart: one black-red-black with two spheres, one red-and-white striped with a red sphere. Night characters Fl(2) and LFl 10s. Decode both and route between the messages.
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Your own vessel is disabled and a tow is offered by a passing merchant vessel. What do you sort out BEFORE the line comes across?
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You've hit something. Two compartments forward are open to the sea. Walk me through the damage-stability thinking, not just the pumping.
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Guests want the tender to take them to dinner ashore, returning around midnight. What does a professional tender operation look like, end to end?
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Why are watertight doors kept closed at sea — give me the engineering argument, not just the rule.
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How do you determine whether risk of collision exists?
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What factors determine safe speed under Rule 6?
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Take me through the Rule 18 hierarchy — who keeps out of whose way?
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Night. You see three white masthead lights in a vertical line, sidelights, and above the sternlight a yellow light. What is she, and what does it mean for you?
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Crossing situation, you're give-way. What does good give-way action actually look like?
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Not under command versus restricted in ability to manoeuvre — the difference, the lights, and an example of each.
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How do you tell an angle of loll from a list, and why does the correction differ?
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Stiff ship, tender ship — what's the difference and why does the OOW care?
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You're craning a heavy tender off the sundeck and down onto the dock. Talk me through what happens to the ship's stability during the lift.
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Synchronous and parametric rolling — what are they, and what do you do about each?
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Running before a heavy following sea — what are the dangers and how do you manage them?
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You've just collided with another vessel. First ten minutes — go.
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0300, smoke detector activates in a guest cabin corridor. Take me through it.
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Crew member has crushed a hand in the tender davit and is losing blood. You're 40 miles offshore. Actions?
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Main engine dead, wind onshore force 8, you're drifting toward a lee shore five miles off. Talk me through the thinking.
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Walk me through launching a liferaft — and what the HRU does if you never get the chance.
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EPIRB and SART — what does each actually do, and what do you check on your weekly rounds?
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I point at a fire; you name the attack. Deep-fat fryer. Electrical switchboard. Bedding in a cabin. Fuel spill in the engine room bilge.
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The RCC asks you to search. Which pattern, and what sets it?
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You hear a weak MAYDAY on channel 16 — position given, then nothing. No coast station acknowledges. What do you do?
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You've found survivors in the water after a long search. Recovery — what are the risks and how do you do it right?
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No ARPA — just a radar and a plotting sheet. Show me you can still work a contact.
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Parallel indexing — what is it and why do examiners love it?
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What would a racon, a SART, and rain clutter each look like on your radar, and how do you tell them apart?
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What is CATZOC and how does it change how you use the ENC?
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What does the ECDIS route check actually do, and where does it fail you?
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How do ENCs stay corrected, and how do you PROVE they are?
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Why must AIS never be your primary anti-collision tool?
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Your tender carries Class B AIS. What are its limits compared to the ship's Class A?
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How do you find your compass error at sea, and what do you do with it?
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Talk me through finding a course to steer across a tidal stream — the method, out loud.
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One lighthouse, nothing else in sight. How do you fix your position — and how much do you trust it?
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Emergency wreck marking buoy — describe it and explain why it exists.
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Your gyro fails mid-watch. What just broke besides the compass card?
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A DSC distress alert prints up on your VHF controller. Take me through your response, step by step.
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A crew member testing the radio has just transmitted a live DSC distress alert. What now?
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NAVTEX — what is it, how do you set it up, and what can you never switch off?
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Wind's backed southerly and freshening, pressure falling. Use Buys Ballot's law and tell me what's coming.
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Where does your weather actually come from on passage, and how do you use multiple sources honestly?
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What does the barometer's TENDENCY tell you that the reading alone never can?
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You sight ice. What does SOLAS oblige you to do about it — and what else falls under the same rule?
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Divers are going down off your own vessel this afternoon. Set the operation up properly.
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Name the statutory certificates a commercial yacht carries, and explain the harmonised survey cycle keeping them alive.
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Explain the load line marks and what the zones chart has to do with tonight's departure.
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BNWAS and VDR — what does each do for you, and what must you do for them after an incident?
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The engine room runs unmanned overnight. What does UMS operation actually mean for you on the bridge?
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Plan me an anchorage — what makes a good one, and what's your brief to the foredeck?
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Brief a green deckhand on mooring deck safety — the dangers as you'd actually explain them.
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The yacht dry-docks next month. What happens to her stability as the water goes down, and when is she most vulnerable?
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Gross tonnage, net tonnage, displacement — untangle them, and tell me why GT runs your career.
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Your relief arrives for the 0000 watch smelling of drink. What do you do?
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Appraisal — before a single line goes on the chart, what information are you gathering, and from where?
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A crane load swung and missed a deckhand's head by a hand's width. Nobody hurt, nothing damaged. What happens next under ISM?
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During bunkering, fuel starts overflowing from a vent onto the deck. Immediate actions, and the reporting chain after.
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The bosun wants a deckhand up the mast to change a nav light bulb at anchor. What has to happen before boots leave the deck?
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Where is the pivot point, and give me one practical example of using it in a tight turn.
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White over red all round, sidelights and a sternlight, moving slowly near the harbour entrance. Identify and act.
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What lights may a sailing vessel show? All the lawful options, smallest to largest.
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Ahead of you: red-white-red all round, and on one side two all-round reds, on the other two all-round greens. Decode it completely and take action.
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Standing orders versus night orders — what's the difference, and what's your obligation to each?
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What is a port of refuge, and how does the contingency thinking appear in your actual plan?
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You've touched bottom on a falling tide. The next high water is 11 hours away. Manage the next hour.
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The port you're alongside in has just gone to security level 2. What changes on board tonight?
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The Oil Record Book — what goes in it, who signs, and why do inspectors head straight for it?
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Rig me a compliant pilot boarding arrangement — the requirements as you'd check them.
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The intact stability criteria — what does the ship actually have to prove, and where do you check her against them?
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From a survey ship finding a new shoal to the correction on your chart — walk me through the Notices to Mariners chain.
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You watch the visibility ahead close down to under a mile. Give me the complete restricted-visibility transformation of your bridge.
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A rescue helicopter will winch a casualty from YOUR aft deck in 40 minutes. Prepare the ship.
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A Port State Control officer boards after breakfast. Walk me through the inspection from the gangway to the report.
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What steering gear checks does SOLAS demand before departure, and what's the drill requirement behind them?
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You take over the anchor watch at midnight. What do you check in the first ten minutes, and what are you watching for all night?
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What does your AIS actually transmit, and where does each piece of it come from?
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AIS-SART — what is it, what do you see on your display, and how does it differ from a radar SART?
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Real, synthetic and virtual AIS aids to navigation — what's the difference, and where's the danger?
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When may you switch your AIS off?
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A yacht crosses ahead of you showing no AIS target at all. What does that tell you?
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You overlay AIS on your radar. What does that give you, and what does it quietly get wrong?
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You're rigging to GIVE a tow to a disabled vessel. Set the gear up for me.
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The tow's connected and you're underway. How do you actually run it?
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What lights and shapes do you show when towing, and when does the length of the tow change them?
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The skipper of the disabled vessel asks if this is salvage. Towage versus salvage — and what's Lloyd's Open Form?
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What is girting, and why can it capsize the vessel doing the towing?
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You're passing a dredger and a survey vessel both working close to your track. What are they showing, and what do you owe them?
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Name the main structural members of the hull — the skeleton — and tell me what each one does.
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How is the hull protected from corrosion below the waterline, and what do you actually check?
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Collision bulkhead and watertight subdivision — what are they for, and roughly where does the collision bulkhead sit?
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Sea chests and through-hull fittings — what are they, and what's the flooding risk you keep an eye on?
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Freeing ports, scuppers and down-flooding — walk me through how water gets off the deck, and why it matters to stability.
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Fixed pitch versus controllable pitch propeller — the difference, and what the OOW needs to know about each.
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How does radar actually find a target, and what are its blind spots?
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ARPA gives you CPA and TCPA automatically. Where does it lie to you?
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True vectors or relative vectors — when do you use each, and what does each show?
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Name the false echoes you can get on radar and how you'd recognise each.
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Set a radar up properly from cold. Give me the controls in order.
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X-band and S-band radar — why carry both, and which do you reach for when?
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How do you know your radar is actually performing to spec, not just showing you a picture?
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Fix the ship by radar. What are the methods, and how much do you trust each?
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Transverse thrust — what is it, which way does it kick, and how do you use it?
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Turning circle — define advance, transfer, tactical diameter and kick, and tell me why they're on the bridge card.
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Interaction — bank effect and ship-to-ship. What are they, and when do they bite?
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How does wind affect handling, especially light ship, and how do you plan for it?
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Twin screws, no thruster. Turn her in her own length for me.
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Shallow water — what does it do to the way she handles, beyond squat?
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Order a crash stop from full ahead. What actually happens, and how far does she go?
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How would you use an anchor to help you manoeuvre or check her in a tight spot?
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What makes a good fix versus a poor one? Talk me through position lines and their quality.
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Dead reckoning and estimated position — the difference, and how do you build an EP?
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You've got two good fixes half an hour apart. How do you work out the tide you're actually experiencing?
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GPS fails completely mid-passage. How do you keep navigating?
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Chart datum and horizontal datum — WGS84 versus a local datum. Why does it matter to where your GPS puts you?
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Great circle versus rhumb line — when do you care, and what's the trade?
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How do you use the echo sounder as a navigation aid, not just a depth gauge?
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Give me the ways to find your distance off a charted object without GPS.
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What actually IS ECDIS, and when is it legally allowed to replace paper charts?
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Safety contour, safety depth, safety frame — what does each control, and which one keeps you off the ground?
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ENC versus raster RNC — the difference, and what do you lose using raster?
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ECDIS-assisted groundings are a known killer. How does a good chart plotter still put you on the rocks?
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Overscale, underscale and SCAMIN — how can ECDIS scale settings hide a danger?
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The look-ahead and guard-zone alarms — set them for me, and tell me how they get switched off in practice.
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How do you know your ECDIS position is right, and what do you do when the GPS feeding it drifts?
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What is GM — metacentric height — and why does it matter to how she behaves?
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Estimate her GM without any calculation — just by watching her roll.
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You're heading into cold and freezing spray. What does ice accretion do to your stability?
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She's holed and flooding one compartment. What's happening to her stability?
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Where do the numbers in your stability book actually come from — the lightship KG?
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What's different about stability on a big yacht, and what catches yacht crew out?
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The planning stage specifically — what actually goes on the chart?
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No-go areas and margins of safety — how do you build them and use them?
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Wheel-over points and turn radius — why not just turn at the waypoint?
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Clearing bearings and clearing ranges — what are they, and how do you use them?
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Abort points and the point of no return — when do you plan NOT to go, and how?
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Building a tidal window into the plan — how do heights and streams gate your departure and arrival?
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Give me the fire triangle and the classes of fire — and the right attack for each.
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Lifejackets and immersion suits — what's the difference, what does the ship carry, and how do you wear them?
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The fixed CO2 system for the engine room — how does it work, and what has to happen before you release it?
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The distress pyrotechnics — name them, and tell me when and how you'd use each.
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The muster list and drills — what's required, and why does it matter to you as OOW?
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How does a fire get detected on board before it's out of control — the systems and the patrols?
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Structural fire protection — how is the ship itself built to contain a fire?
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What actually IS GMDSS, and what's the basic idea behind it?
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Distress, urgency and safety — the three priorities. Define each and when you'd use it.
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DSC — what is it, and how does a call actually work?
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The pilot's aboard. What's the master-pilot exchange, and what actually gets exchanged?
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The pilot's coming aboard by ladder. What are your duties on the bridge and at the point of transfer?
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How is the GMDSS kept available — powered and maintained — so it's there when you finally need it?
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The Beaufort scale — what is it, and how do you use it when you've no anemometer reading you trust?
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Air masses — what are they, and why should a watchkeeper care?
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Tropical revolving storm — the dangerous and navigable semicircles, and the avoidance rules. Work it for me.
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Sea and swell — the difference, and what swell can tell you that the wind can't.
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Highs, ridges, troughs and cols — what weather does each bring, and what do the isobars tell you?
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Land and sea breezes, and katabatic wind — explain them, and why they matter at anchor in the Med.
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What's your obligation when you learn that people are in distress at sea, and when can it be lifted?
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How is search and rescue actually organised — what's IAMSAR, and who runs a case?
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How is the search area worked out — what are datum and drift, and why do they move?
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What's a SITREP, and why does it matter in a SAR operation?
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Recovering a person overboard — the Williamson, Anderson and Scharnow turns. When does each earn its place?
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Lateral marks in IALA Region A — give me the full description and how you use them.
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The cardinal mark system — take me through all four and how you remember them.
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Special marks and preferred-channel marks — what are they, and what do they tell you?
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Leading marks and sectored lights — how do they keep you in the channel?
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Variation and deviation — the difference, and how do you get from a true course to a compass course?
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The magnetic compass — how does it work, why do you still carry it, and how is its deviation found?
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The Safety Management System — what is it, and what certificates prove it's real?
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The Designated Person Ashore — who are they, and why does the ISM Code insist on them?
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The master's overriding authority under ISM — what is it, and why is it written down?
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The three ISPS security levels — define them, and tell me who's responsible for security.
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Non-conformities and audits under ISM — what are they, and how do they make the ship safer over time?
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The flag state — what is it, and what is it actually responsible for?
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What is a classification society, and what does 'in class' actually mean?
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The survey regime that keeps a certificate alive — what are the different surveys and their intervals?
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You've had a reportable accident. Who has to be told, and what has to be preserved?
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What's the purpose of a marine accident investigation — and what is it NOT for?
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Port State Control and the Paris MoU — how does a ship get picked for inspection, and what happens if she fails?
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The autopilot — what does it do for you, and what are its limits?
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The gyro compass and its repeaters — how does the system serve the bridge, and what are its weaknesses?
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The speed log — the types, and why does it matter whether it reads through the water or over the ground?
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Integrated bridge systems — what's the benefit, and where's the hidden danger?
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Using VHF to arrange passing with another vessel in a close-quarters situation — what's the danger?
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Take me through actually letting go and bringing her up to anchor.
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What actually makes an anchor hold, and what would make you doubt it?
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Weighing anchor — talk me through it and the calls from the foredeck.
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The mooring line pattern alongside — name the lines and tell me what each one does.
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The anchor comes up foul — fouled with an old cable or chain. How do you deal with it?
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When and why would you use two anchors instead of one?
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Who is the officer of the watch, and what are you actually responsible for?
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Give me the principles of keeping a safe navigational watch.
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What decides how many people you need on the bridge for a watch?
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Bridge resource management — what is it, and why does it prevent accidents?
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Distractions on watch — what's the danger, and how do you guard against it?
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Risk assessment — what's the actual process, and what's the hierarchy of control?
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The permit-to-work system — what is it, and when do you insist on one?
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Walk me through safely ENTERING an enclosed space — the procedure before anyone goes in.
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Personal protective equipment — the types, and where does it sit in keeping people safe?
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Hot work — welding or grinding on board. What has to be in place before it starts?
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Manual handling — why does it matter, and how do you do it safely?
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MARPOL has six annexes. Run through what each one covers.
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Special areas and emission control areas — what are they, and why does the Mediterranean matter?
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The SOPEP — what is it, and what does it actually do for you in a spill?
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Garbage management on board — the plan, the record book, and how you segregate.
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MARPOL Annex VI beyond the fuel sulphur — what else does it control?
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Rule 2 — responsibility. What does it actually require, and when may you depart from the rules?
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Rule 3 definitions — take me through the key ones a watchkeeper leans on.
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Rule 8 — action to avoid collision. What makes good avoiding action?
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Rule 15 — the basic crossing situation. Who gives way, and what's the rule about crossing ahead?
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Rule 34 — manoeuvring and warning signals. Give me the whistle signals and when you sound them.
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The basic lights — define the navigation lights, and what does a power-driven vessel underway show?
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Vessels engaged in fishing — their lights, and where they sit in the give-way order.
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The recognised distress signals — name a good spread of them, and the rule about their use.
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When do you actually abandon ship — and who makes that call?
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An alarm sounds and it's a real emergency. How is the response actually organised, and what are your first moves?
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Flooding somewhere in the ship. Give me the damage-control priorities.
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You're aground. What decides whether you even try to refloat, and how?
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In heavy weather you find structural damage — a crack, or the hull working badly. What do you do?
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You're transiting a high-risk area and a suspected attack develops. What's the response?
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A fire's taken hold. How do you decide whether to fight it, contain it, or abandon?
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The ship suddenly develops a heavy list. What do you do — and what do you NOT do?
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Rule 19 — in restricted visibility, which alterations does the rule tell you to AVOID, and why?
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Heaving to in heavy weather — what is it, and how do you get the ship comfortable?
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The bilge system — what's it for, how does it work, and what's the emergency bilge suction?
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Reserve buoyancy and freeboard — what are they, and why does the load line protect them?
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The rescue boat — what's it for, and how does it differ from the lifeboats and liferafts?
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Springs and neaps — what causes them, and why does it matter to your passage?
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Planning the pilotage — the close-quarters detail beyond the coastal passage. What does it look like?
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Weather routeing — what is it, and how do you use it on an ocean passage?
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The Maritime Labour Convention — what does it cover, and how is it enforced?
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The principles of approaching a berth — how do you set up a berthing, whatever the ship?
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AIS man-overboard beacons — what are they, and what happens on the bridge when one activates?
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